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Old town dominated by castle at night

Old town dominated by castle at night

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Aerial view of Esch-sur-Sure, medieval town in Luxembourg, dominated by castle, canton Wiltz in Diekirch.

Towering Kelp Forest Dominated by Ecklonia Maxima Generative AI

Towering Kelp Forest Dominated by Ecklonia Maxima Generative AI

Aerial view of the Dinosaur bay with the rare Dinosaur footprint of the sauropod-dominated tracksite from Rubha nam

Aerial view of the Dinosaur bay with the rare Dinosaur footprint of the sauropod-dominated tracksite from Rubha nam

Aerial view of the Dinosaur bay with the rare Dinosaur footprint of the sauropod-dominated tracksite from Rubha nam

Aerial view of the Dinosaur bay with the rare Dinosaur footprint of the sauropod-dominated tracksite from Rubha nam

Aerial view of the Dinosaur bay with the rare Dinosaur footprint of the sauropod-dominated tracksite from Rubha nam

Aerial view of the Dinosaur bay with the rare Dinosaur footprint of the sauropod-dominated tracksite from Rubha nam

Between Apulia and Basilicata:olive grove on the fields harvested.Hilly countryside dominated by cl

Between Apulia and Basilicata:olive grove on the fields harvested.Hilly countryside dominated by cl

Rare Dinosaur footprint of the sauropod-dominated tracksite from Rubha nam Brathairean, Brothers Point - Isle of Skye

Rare Dinosaur footprint of the sauropod-dominated tracksite from Rubha nam Brathairean, Brothers Point - Isle of Skye

Aerial view of the Dinosaur bay with the rare Dinosaur footprint of the sauropod-dominated tracksite from Rubha nam

Aerial view of the Dinosaur bay with the rare Dinosaur footprint of the sauropod-dominated tracksite from Rubha nam

Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages

Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman and Viking ages, and there is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age. The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951.The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209.The buildings of the university include King`s College Chapel, Cavendish Laboratory, and the Cambridge University Library, one of the largest legal deposit libraries in the world. The city`s skyline is dominated by several college buildings, along with the spire of the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church, and the chimney of Addenbrooke`s Hospital. Anglia Ruskin University, which evolved from the Cambridge School of Art and the Cambridgeshire College of Arts and Technology, also has its main campus in the city.

Shatili is a historic highland village in Georgia, near the border with Chechnya. It is located on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus mountains, in the historical Georgian province of Upper Khevsureti, which is now part of the modern-day region (mkhare) of Mtskheta-Mtianeti. The population of Shatili, along with that of most of the Khevsureti, was resettled under the pressure from the Soviet authorities to the plains in the early 1950s. In the 1960s, the exotic landscape of the empty village was used as a setting for a series of Georgian films about the past life of the highlanders.[1] Shatili is still inhabited by a dozen or so families, but is inaccessible by road during wintertime. The village is a favourite destination for tourists and mountain trekkers

A classic window on a colourful wall dominated by yellow and red.

Stormy Budapest

The view of stormy night Budapest scenery dominated by the Buda castle. The view of stormy night Budapest scenery dominated by the Buda castle.

The scenery of Heilderberg dominated by the Heilderberg castle and Old Bridge seen from the viewpoint over the city, Germany. The scenery of Heilderberg dominated by the Heilderberg castle and Old Bridge seen from the viewpoint over the city, Germany.

Diversity - Red and Blue

Wineglasses filled with colored liquid - illustrating concepts such as Workplace Diversity, Dare to be Different, or Democrat vs Republican. Wineglasses filled with colored liquid - illustrating concepts such as Workplace Diversity, Dare to be Different, or Democrat vs Republican.

Antique Selce, Turkey

Image shows details of Antique Selce, Turkey. Image is dominated by ruins in the front and in the middle. Sky is blue and light cloudy.

Castle of Châteauneuf en Auxois

Châteauneuf is dominated by its castle, which was given in December 1456 by Philip the Good to Philippe Pot, whose renovations and fortification gave to it the aspect it retains today. The medieval city that surrounds it is a member of the most beautiful villages of France. Châteauneuf is dominated by its castle, which was given in December 1456 by Philip the Good to Philippe Pot, whose renovations and fortification gave to it the aspect it retains today. The medieval city that surrounds it is a member of the most beautiful villages of France.

Office domination

Man dominated in office by his boss. Man dominated in office by his boss

Huge Hard coral

The reef was dominated by a huge hard coral in this place, thanks to the shallow water here the sun made an iteresting pattern on its's surface.

Ancient Roman bridge, near Marvão,eastern Portugal,E.U., close to the bordes with Spain. The Romans dominated the Iberian Peninsula for a long time in the past.

A conceptual image of a man being crushed and oppressed by a large foot. A conceptual image of a man being crushed and oppressed by a large foot.

Pipe Background

The background consist of pipe and arrow element and dominated with blue colour. The background consist of pipe and arrow element and dominated with blue colour.

Antique Side, Turkey

Image shows details of Antique Side, Turkey. Image is dominated by ruins in the front and in the middle. Sky is blue and light cloudy.

The UFO at Sunrise

What an enchanted scene of sunrise! It is a very beautiful and good looking combination between nature and technology, dominated by orange colour caused by the morning orange ray of the sun. What an enchanted scene of sunrise! It is a very beautiful and good looking combination between nature and technology, dominated by orange colour caused by the morning orange ray of the sun.

A conceptual image of a man being crushed and oppressed by a large foot. A conceptual image of a man being crushed and oppressed by a large foot.

A conceptual image of a man being crushed and oppressed by a large foot. A conceptual image of a man being crushed and oppressed by a large foot.

CIty of London Architecture

Various designs of buildings from different centuries in one place. Various designs of buildings from different centuries in one place

Grosses Wiesbachhorn in Alps

The alpine scenery dominated by Grosses Wiesbachhorn mountain which is the third-highest peak of the Hohe Tauern range. The alpine scenery dominated by Grosses Wiesbachhorn mountain which is the third-highest peak of the Hohe Tauern range.

Antique Side with Hotel Scenery, Turkey

Image shows details of Antique Side, Turkey, with some hotels in the back. Image is dominated by ruins in the front and in the middle. Sky is blue and light cloudy. Image shows details of Antique Side, Turkey, with some hotels in the back. Image is dominated by ruins in the front and in the middle. Sky is blue and light cloudy.

The Belfry and the Cloth Hall

The Market square is dominated by the cloth hall and the 83 meter high Belfry tower, one of the symbols of the city Bruge. The Market square is dominated by the cloth hall and the 83 meter high Belfry tower, one of the symbols of the city Bruge.

The Belfry and the Cloth Hall

The Market square is dominated by the cloth hall and the 83 meter high Belfry tower, one of the symbols of the city Bruge. The Market square is dominated by the cloth hall and the 83 meter high Belfry tower, one of the symbols of the city Bruge.

Hand About To Grab Earth

A conceptual image of a greedy hand about to grab control over the world. A conceptual image of a greedy hand about to grab control over the world.

Morning of Lake Traunsee, Upper Austria

Lake Traunsee is a stunning sight, set amid unspoilt natural beauty in the heart of the Salzkammergut Lake District. The picturesque village of Traunkirchen, dominated by the 11th Century church, boasts wonderful views and is the perfect base from which to enjoy the delights of the area including watersports, cycling, walking or simply relaxing. Lake Traunsee is a stunning sight, set amid unspoilt natural beauty in the heart of the Salzkammergut Lake District. The picturesque village of Traunkirchen, dominated by the 11th Century church, boasts wonderful views and is the perfect base from which to enjoy the delights of the area including watersports, cycling, walking or simply relaxing.

Euro cent coin on white background with other coins

Euro cent coin on white background and other coins dominated. Euro cent coin on white background and other coins dominated

Royal town Litomerice scenery

Royal town Litomerice scenery dominated by Dom hill and baroque bishop’s residence.

The Belfry and the Cloth Hall with flowers

The Market square is dominated by the cloth hall and the 83 meter high Belfry tower, one of the symbols of the city Bruge. This picture is taken with flowers in front of it. The Market square is dominated by the cloth hall and the 83 meter high Belfry tower, one of the symbols of the city Bruge. This picture is taken with flowers in front of it.

Morning of Lake Traunsee, Upper Austria

Lake Traunsee is a stunning sight, set amid unspoilt natural beauty in the heart of the Salzkammergut Lake District. The picturesque village of Traunkirchen, dominated by the 11th Century church, boasts wonderful views and is the perfect base from which to enjoy the delights of the area including watersports, cycling, walking or simply relaxing. Lake Traunsee is a stunning sight, set amid unspoilt natural beauty in the heart of the Salzkammergut Lake District. The picturesque village of Traunkirchen, dominated by the 11th Century church, boasts wonderful views and is the perfect base from which to enjoy the delights of the area including watersports, cycling, walking or simply relaxing.

Antique Side with Amphitheatre, Turkey

Image shows details of Antique Side, Turkey. Image is dominated by ruins in the front and in the amphitheatre in the middle. Sky is blue and light cloudy. Image shows details of Antique Side, Turkey. Image is dominated by ruins in the front and in the amphitheatre in the middle. Sky is blue and light cloudy.

Detail of the ancient theater in ephesus

Detail of the ancient 24000 places theater in ephesus. Detail of the ancient 24000 places theater in ephesus

Close up of hood grill on antique car

An antique car's hood grill dominated the frame with a portion of fender showing. An antique car's hood grill dominated the frame with a portion of fender showing

Terraced rape field of Luoping

Luoping is a county in YunNan province of China. It is dominated by karst features with small basins among independent green hills. It is a national base for raising bees and for processing honey oroducts. The flowers covering an area of 250,000 mu (around 65 square miles) and on February of March every years, thousands of Yellow Rapeseed Flowers are in full bloom, looking like and expanse of a golden sea. It became popular among photographers recently. Luoping is a county in YunNan province of China. It is dominated by karst features with small basins among independent green hills. It is a national base for raising bees and for processing honey oroducts. The flowers covering an area of 250,000 mu (around 65 square miles) and on February of March every years, thousands of Yellow Rapeseed Flowers are in full bloom, looking like and expanse of a golden sea. It became popular among photographers recently.

France, Paris: famous monuments, the Petit Palais

France, Paris: famous monuments the Petit Palais; white stone for this architecture dominated by a nice black tiles dome. France, Paris: famous monuments the Petit Palais; white stone for this architecture dominated by a nice black tiles dome

Dolceacqua Doria Castle

Dolceacqua is dominated by the famous bridge that spans the river from the old town to the more modern part. In the photo ancient ruins of the Doria Castle. Dolceacqua is dominated by the famous bridge that spans the river from the old town to the more modern part. In the photo ancient ruins of the Doria Castle.

Rape flower field of Luoping

Luoping is a county in YunNan province of China. It is dominated by karst features with small basins among independent green hills. It is a national base for raising bees and for processing honey oroducts. The rape flowers covering an area of 250,000 mu (around 65 square miles) and on February of March every years, thousands of Yellow Rapeseed Flowers are in full bloom, looking like and expanse of a golden sea. It became popular among photographers recently. Luoping is a county in YunNan province of China. It is dominated by karst features with small basins among independent green hills. It is a national base for raising bees and for processing honey oroducts. The rape flowers covering an area of 250,000 mu (around 65 square miles) and on February of March every years, thousands of Yellow Rapeseed Flowers are in full bloom, looking like and expanse of a golden sea. It became popular among photographers recently.

The Vienna City Hall and Hofburgtheater

The City Hall is one of the most splendid amongst the numerous monumental buildings along Vienna's. Designed by Friedrich Schmidt (1825-1891), it was erected between 1872 and 1883. The architecture of the Ringstraße is dominated by historicism. In Historicism various stylistic elements of the past were combined into a style in its own right. Friedrich Schmidt however orientated himself just on one particular epoch. The City Hall was built in gothical style, with a tower similar to gothic cathedrals. The gothic era saw the growth of the cities and the emergence of an urban burgeoisie. Today the City Hall is the head office of Vienna's municipal administration. More than 2000 people work in the building. Visitors are stunned by the magnificent appointments of the state rooms, which frequently provide an atmospheric backdrop to various events such as press conferences, concerts or balls. The Burgtheater – Imperial Court Theatre, or Hofburgtheater, is the Austrian National Theatre in Vienna and one of the most important German language theatres in the world. It was created in 1741 by Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa of Austria to be a theatre next to her palace, and her son, Emperor Joseph II called it the German National Theatre in 1776. Three Mozart operas premiered there: Die Entführung aus dem Serail (1782), Le nozze di Figaro (1786) and Così fan tutte (1790). The City Hall is one of the most splendid amongst the numerous monumental buildings along Vienna's. Designed by Friedrich Schmidt (1825-1891), it was erected between 1872 and 1883. The architecture of the Ringstraße is dominated by historicism. In Historicism various stylistic elements of the past were combined into a style in its own right. Friedrich Schmidt however orientated himself just on one particular epoch. The City Hall was built in gothical style, with a tower similar to gothic cathedrals. The gothic era saw the growth of the cities and the emergence of an urban burgeoisie. Today the City Hall is the head office of Vienna's municipal administration. More than 2000 people work in the building. Visitors are stunned by the magnificent appointments of the state rooms, which frequently provide an atmospheric backdrop to various events such as press conferences, concerts or balls. The Burgtheater – Imperial Court Theatre, or Hofburgtheater, is the Austrian National Theatre in Vienna and one of the most important German language theatres in the world. It was created in 1741 by Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa of Austria to be a theatre next to her palace, and her son, Emperor Joseph II called it the German National Theatre in 1776. Three Mozart operas premiered there: Die Entführung aus dem Serail (1782), Le nozze di Figaro (1786) and Così fan tutte (1790).

Hongcun Impression, Anhui, China

Hongcun (Hong Village) located in southern Anhui Province, China. It flourished during the Ming and Qing dynasties (from the 14th to the 19th centuries), when merchants from southern Anhui dominated Chinese trade. Most of the existing structures in the village were constructed during that period. In November 2000, Hongcun was designated a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO: The town becomes popular not only among tourists, but also art students and movie makers. Several scenes from the movie Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon were shot here. Hongcun (Hong Village) located in southern Anhui Province, China. It flourished during the Ming and Qing dynasties (from the 14th to the 19th centuries), when merchants from southern Anhui dominated Chinese trade. Most of the existing structures in the village were constructed during that period. In November 2000, Hongcun was designated a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO: The town becomes popular not only among tourists, but also art students and movie makers. Several scenes from the movie Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon were shot here.

Playa del Castillo, Fuerteventura

Image shows the coast of Fuerteventura. Image is dominated by black beach and little stones, blue ocean with small waves on the right, light blue sky above. Image shows the coast of Fuerteventura. Image is dominated by black beach and little stones, blue ocean with small waves on the right, light blue sky above.

Beautiful and ornate church in Scotland

Thomas Coats Memorial Church in Paisley, Scotland. This red sandstone church was funded by a textile industrialist whose mills dominated the town. Generations of stonemasons served their apprenticeships on its construction. Thomas Coats Memorial Church in Paisley, Scotland. This red sandstone church was funded by a textile industrialist whose mills dominated the town. Generations of stonemasons served their apprenticeships on its construction.

Hongcun Impression, Anhui, China

Hongcun (Hong Village) located in southern Anhui Province, China. It flourished during the Ming and Qing dynasties (from the 14th to the 19th centuries), when merchants from southern Anhui dominated Chinese trade. Most of the existing structures in the village were constructed during that period. In November 2000, Hongcun was designated a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO: The town becomes popular not only among tourists, but also art students and movie makers. Several scenes from the movie Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon were shot here. Hongcun (Hong Village) located in southern Anhui Province, China. It flourished during the Ming and Qing dynasties (from the 14th to the 19th centuries), when merchants from southern Anhui dominated Chinese trade. Most of the existing structures in the village were constructed during that period. In November 2000, Hongcun was designated a world cultural heritage site by UNESCO: The town becomes popular not only among tourists, but also art students and movie makers. Several scenes from the movie Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon were shot here.

The Chakri Maha Prasat Throne Hall

The modern central court is dominated by the curious Chakri Maha Prasat hall. The hall was built by King Rama V and completed in 1882. Its unusual design is due to some controversy during its construction. The original architect was a Briton working in Singapore named John Clunich. Rama V wanted an entirely western look to his new home, but others in the court argued that the king's residence and throne hall should reflect Siamese motifs. Thus the domed roof was replaced by a Thai styled roof. It should be no surprise that the Thai nickname for the building is the 'westerner with a Thai hat'. The Chakri Maha Prasat is located on what used to be the elephant coral, and was later the house of King Rama V's mother in which the future king was born. The base of the building houses the royal guards and a collection of ancient weapons is displayed in the arcades along the building's front. This display is open to the public on weekdays only. On Saturday and Sunday, you can see some of the displays but the exhibit inside is closed. VIP Visitors enter the building by the grand staircases which flank the central hall and lead up to a large porch. Above the wrought iron and frosted glass doors is the emblem of the Chakri dynasty, a three-bladed sword (ri) with the handle passing through the center hole of a discuss (chak) with a sharpened edge. Just inside is the Front Audience Hall, which leads to the Central Throne Hall, containing a small niello throne. The modern central court is dominated by the curious Chakri Maha Prasat hall. The hall was built by King Rama V and completed in 1882. Its unusual design is due to some controversy during its construction. The original architect was a Briton working in Singapore named John Clunich. Rama V wanted an entirely western look to his new home, but others in the court argued that the king's residence and throne hall should reflect Siamese motifs. Thus the domed roof was replaced by a Thai styled roof. It should be no surprise that the Thai nickname for the building is the 'westerner with a Thai hat'. The Chakri Maha Prasat is located on what used to be the elephant coral, and was later the house of King Rama V's mother in which the future king was born. The base of the building houses the royal guards and a collection of ancient weapons is displayed in the arcades along the building's front. This display is open to the public on weekdays only. On Saturday and Sunday, you can see some of the displays but the exhibit inside is closed. VIP Visitors enter the building by the grand staircases which flank the central hall and lead up to a large porch. Above the wrought iron and frosted glass doors is the emblem of the Chakri dynasty, a three-bladed sword (ri) with the handle passing through the center hole of a discuss (chak) with a sharpened edge. Just inside is the Front Audience Hall, which leads to the Central Throne Hall, containing a small niello throne.

Grass Lake (Revisited) (3&#x29

Mossy, fungi-covered trunk of an oak tree in an otherwise hemlock-dominated forest north of Grass Lake, Monroe County. I've licensed this photo as CC0 for release into the public domain. You're welcome to download the photo and use it without attribution. Mossy, fungi-covered trunk of an oak tree in an otherwise hemlock-dominated forest north of Grass Lake, Monroe County. I've licensed this photo as CC0 for release into the public domain. You're welcome to download the photo and use it without attribution.

Although much of spring and early summer were dominated by rain, the last half of July was typically dry. Green lawns have turned brown and yellow. Plants are becoming thirsty. Some plants are more resourceful than others in addressing their thirst needs.

Dust carried by the wind has far-reaching effects, including the loss of nutrients and water-holding capacity from landscapes, and the speeding up of the melting of snow, which affects the timing and magnitude of runoff into streams and rivers. Low vegetation cover can especially be a problem in drought years in abandoned agricultural fields, which are generally dominated by annual plants. This means that the consequences of dust storms, including motor vehicle crashes, are high in a drought year and low in years with more precipitation. Future climate scenarios predict that drought conditions will worsen, and therefore more dust storms are likely. Photo: Dust storm near Winslow, AZ in April 2011. Seth Munson , USGS.

José Clemente Orozco Mexican, 1883-1949 i>Zapatistas, 1931 Oil on canvas From the curation card: The slain revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919) figures prominently in the work of Mexican artists of the 1920s and 1930s. In this painting Orozco depicts a somber moment in the Mexican Revolution,as Zapatistas -- Zapata's peasant followers -- march to their deaths. "I don't trust revolutions or glorify them, as I witnessed too much butchery," Orozco later remarked, referring to his experience in the Revolution. His trademark palatte, dominated by blacks and earthy reds, underscores the violent nature of the subject matter and echoes the colors in the political caricatures he made for revolutionary journals early in his career. Museum of Modern Art in New York City en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco

Gymnosperm Stem: Two Year Pinus

cross section: Pinus stem magnification: 100x During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins. The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses. Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous. The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem. Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells. A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is interrupted by a few large resin ducts. cross section: Pinus stem magnification: 100x During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins. The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses. Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous. The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem. Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells. A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is interrupted by a few large resin ducts.

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