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Biography: Rosa Parks's deliberate decision to test the practice of Jim Crow was the catalyst that triggered the 1955 bus boycott in Montgomery, Ala. The daughter of James and Leona Edwards McCauley, she grew up in Pine Level, Ala., and was sent away to a private girls' school in Montgomery at the age of 11. She later met Raymond Parks, a serious young barber with whom she spent many hours discussing the burden and injustice of the racial situation; they married in 1932. Mr. Parks was a member of the National Committee to Save the Scottsboro Boys, and she soon joined him in becoming active in the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, serving as secretary and youth adviser. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white passenger on a Montgomery bus. Her arrest and the subsequent development of a 381-day bus boycott by tens of thousands heralded a new phase in the civil rights movement. The Black community formed the Montgomery Improvement Association, electing as president Martin Luther King, Jr.; Mrs. Parks served for a time on its board of directors. Fired from her job as an assistant tailor in a department store, she stayed in Montgomery until the boycott forced an end to all discriminatory practices on the bus lines. In 1957 she and her husband moved to Detroit, Mich., where in 1965 she took a part-time job as receptionist and administrative aide in the office of Congressman John Conyers. She was the first woman in 1980 to receive the Martin Luther King, Jr., Nonviolent Peace Prize. There is a National Committee for the Rosa L. Parks Shrine, organized to commemorate her life by the establishment of a home and library.

Description: The Black Women Oral History Project interviewed 72 African American women between 1976 and 1981. With support from the Schlesinger Library, the project recorded a cross section of women who had made significant contributions to American society during the first half of the 20th century. Photograph taken by Judith Sedwick

Repository: Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America.

Collection: Black Women Oral History Project

Research Guide: guides.library.harvard.edu/schlesinger_bwohp

Questions? Ask a Schlesinger Librarian. Biography: Rosa Parks's deliberate decision to test the practice of Jim Crow was the catalyst that triggered the 1955 bus boycott in Montgomery, Ala. The daughter of James and Leona Edwards McCauley, she grew up in Pine Level, Ala., and was sent away to a private girls' school in Montgomery at the age of 11. She later met Raymond Parks, a serious young barber with whom she spent many hours discussing the burden and injustice of the racial situation; they married in 1932. Mr. Parks was a member of the National Committee to Save the Scottsboro Boys, and she soon joined him in becoming active in the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP, serving as secretary and youth adviser. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat for a white passenger on a Montgomery bus. Her arrest and the subsequent development of a 381-day bus boycott by tens of thousands heralded a new phase in the civil rights movement. The Black community formed the Montgomery Improvement Association, electing as president Martin Luther King, Jr.; Mrs. Parks served for a time on its board of directors. Fired from her job as an assistant tailor in a department store, she stayed in Montgomery until the boycott forced an end to all discriminatory practices on the bus lines. In 1957 she and her husband moved to Detroit, Mich., where in 1965 she took a part-time job as receptionist and administrative aide in the office of Congressman John Conyers. She was the first woman in 1980 to receive the Martin Luther King, Jr., Nonviolent Peace Prize. There is a National Committee for the Rosa L. Parks Shrine, organized to commemorate her life by the establishment of a home and library.

Description: The Black Women Oral History Project interviewed 72 African American women between 1976 and 1981. With support from the Schlesinger Library, the project recorded a cross section of women who had made significant contributions to American society during the first half of the 20th century. Photograph taken by Judith Sedwick

Repository: Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America.

Collection: Black Women Oral History Project

Research Guide: guides.library.harvard.edu/schlesinger_bwohp

Questions? Ask a Schlesinger Librarian

Harvard University

Harvard University

State House Dome

State House Dome

Lights at Faneuil Hall Marketplace

Lights at Faneuil Hall Marketplace

Dramatic Building Juxtaposition

Dramatic Building Juxtaposition

State House Fire Escape

State House Fire Escape

Harvard skyline in watercolor

Harvard skyline in watercolor

Autumn in New England

Morning sunlight reveals, bright autumn colors and mist rising off of Harvard Pond in Petersham, MA. Morning sunlight reveals, bright autumn colors and mist rising off of Harvard Pond in Petersham, MA.

Cambridge park in the university

Park in one of the campuses in Cambridge city in Massachusets. Park in one of the campuses in Cambridge city in Massachusets

Charles river in Boston

Sunset at Charles river in Boston. The picture is taken from the Harvard bridge

Minerals in Harvard Museum of Natural History

Minerals in Harvard Museum of Natural History

Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA, USA

Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA, USA

Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA, USA

Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA, USA

Angled brick building

Brick flat roofed office building in harvard square cambridge massachusetts. Brick flat roofed office building in harvard square cambridge massachusetts

Harvard Science Center

Harvard Science Center

Cambridge park in the university

Park in one of the campuses in Cambridge city in Massachusets. Park in one of the campuses in Cambridge city in Massachusets

Harvard University Gate

Harvard University Gate

Cambrige street in Massachusetts

View of a street in Cambridge, MA. View of a street in Cambridge, MA

Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA, USA

Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA, USA

Harvard Library Entrance Columns

Harvard Library Entrance Columns

Charles River Scene

Rower on Charles River in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Rower on Charles River in Cambridge, Massachusetts

Kings Chapel Burial Ground

Kings Chapel Burial Ground

Memorial Church, Harvard University

Memorial Church, Harvard University

Harvard University

Harvard University

Cambridge park in the university

Park in one of the campuses in Cambridge city in Massachusets. Park in one of the campuses in Cambridge city in Massachusets

Night Scene in Boston

Night Scene in Boston

Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA, USA

Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA, USA

Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA, USA

Harvard Square in Cambridge, MA, USA

Stock photo of Boston, USA

Boston Cityscape and Harvard Bridge at Night

Boston Cityscape and Harvard Bridge at Night

John Harvard Statue on Harvard Square

John Harvard Statue on Harvard Square

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