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Gymnosperm Stem: Two Year Pinus

cross section: Pinus stem magnification: 40x During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins. The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses. Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous. The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem. Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells. A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is interrupted by a few large resin ducts. cross section: Pinus stem magnification: 40x During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins. The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses. Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous. The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem. Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells. A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is interrupted by a few large resin ducts.

Soya stem cross section 40x Cells

Soya stem cross section 40x Cells

Herbaceous dicot vine: Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 40x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. The cortex consists of a conspicuous hypodermis of parenchyma cells with collections of collenchyma cells at the stem ridges. The deepest layer of the cortex is marked by a starch sheath (large barrel-shaped cells contain starch granules). Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells. long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 40x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. The cortex consists of a conspicuous hypodermis of parenchyma cells with collections of collenchyma cells at the stem ridges. The deepest layer of the cortex is marked by a starch sheath (large barrel-shaped cells contain starch granules). Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells.

Gymnosperm Stem: Three Year Pinus

cross section: Pinus stem magnification: 40x During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins. The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses. Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous. The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem. Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells. A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is interrupted by a few large resin ducts. cross section: Pinus stem magnification: 40x During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins. The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses. Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous. The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem. Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells. A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is interrupted by a few large resin ducts.

Typical Plant Cell 100x magnification

Typical Plant Cell 100x magnification

Herbaceous dicot vine: Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 40x Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells. long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 40x Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells.

Herbaceous dicot vine: Cucurbita

long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 40x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. The cortex consists of a conspicuous hypodermis of parenchyma cells with collections of collenchyma cells at the stem ridges. The deepest layer of the cortex is marked by a starch sheath (large barrel-shaped cells contain starch granules). Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells. long section: Cucurbita stem magnification: 40x The epidermis is usually single layered with an outer cuticle and multicellular trichomes. The cortex consists of a conspicuous hypodermis of parenchyma cells with collections of collenchyma cells at the stem ridges. The deepest layer of the cortex is marked by a starch sheath (large barrel-shaped cells contain starch granules). Bicollateral vascular bundles have two zones of phloem and two zones of cambium on either side of the central xylem with outer facing tissues more heavily developed. The sequence of tissues in the bicollateral vascular bundle is outer phloem, outer cambium, xylem, inner cambium and inner phloem with outer more heavily developed. Walls of xylem vessels have lignin free pits and lignin thickenings that form rings, spirals, networks and solid blocks. Phloem consists of large clear sieve tubes with pitted cell walls and sieve plates and small narrow green stained companion cells. Many sieve plates have deposits of a mucoid p-protein that forms as part of the trauma response in injured phloem. Between the xylem and phloem are a few regularly arranged layers of elongated cambium cells.

Gymnosperm Stem: Three Year Pinus

cross section: Pinus stem magnification: 40x During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins. The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses. Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous. The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem. Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells. A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is interrupted by a few large resin ducts. cross section: Pinus stem magnification: 40x During the first year of growth the cutinized epidermis is replaced by protective growth of cork rich periderm. The outer periderm consists of layers of cork cells, the phellem, which produces waterproofing suberin. Cork cells are dead at maturity. Deep to the phellem is a living layer of cork cambium or phellogen and beneath that, layers of cork parenchyma or phelloderm. Many cells in the periderm contain dark staining tannins. The cortex is divided into a thin outer hypodermis of lignified sclerenchyma cells and thicker inner cortex of thin walled parenchyma cells containing chloroplasts. Large resin ducts are surrounded by secretory parenchyma that produces resins and turpentines. Some cells enlarge into dark staining tyloses. Both endoderm and pericycle are inconspicuous. The vascular cylinder or stele in young stems consists of a ring of vascular bundles interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Seasonal activity of the cambium replaces the isolated vascular bundles with well-defined annual rings of secondary phloem and xylem. Xylem is endarch with protoxylem found towards center of the stem and younger metaxylem towards the periphery of the stem. Protoxylem consists of annular and spiral tracheids with only tracheids found in metaxylem. True xylem vessels are lacking. Because of the greater production of xylem, the vascular cylinder is dominated by radially arranged rays of secondary xylem interspaced with medullary rays of parenchyma cells. Conspicuous resin ducts are present throughout the xylem. Phloem is endarch but annual growth the of stem makes it difficult to distinguish between older protophloem to the periphery and younger metapholem towards center of the stem. Phloem lacks companion cells, consisting entirely of sieve tubes and phloem parenchyma. Medullary rays in the secondary phloem include protein rich albuminous cells. A well-defined pith of parenchyma cells is interrupted by a few large resin ducts.

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